Moon and Apollo

Apollo

Apollo was a space programme from 1961 to 1972, funded and operated entirely by NASA. It was NASA's solution to President Kennedy's challenge of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade (1960s), in his famous Congress address on May 25 1961.

President Kennedy announcing the Moon mission programme May 25, 1961

Apollo

Charles Conrad of Apollo 12 visiting a lonely Moon veteran

CSM = command/service module. Apollo 2 and Apollo 3 were not flown, as a consequence of the rearrangement of missions subsequently to the fire. There were three pre-series test flights which were not numbered as Apollo missions: AS-201 (26.02.66, sub-orbital CSM), AS-202 (05.07.66, no spacecraft, hydrogen fuel test), and AS-203 (25.08.66, sub-orbital CSM).

Mission	Launch/re-entry dates	Mission	Crew	Technical features	EVA	Notes
1	Due for Feb 21 1967, but did not launch	Planned test flight to Earth orbit	Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee	Tragedy caused delay in programme and changes to oxygen concentration in capsule atmosphere		Fire in command capsule during training, all crew perished
4	Nov 9 1967	Saturn V test flight	No crew	CSM in high Earth orbit		Tests of S-IVB restart, CM heat shield
5	Jan 22.3 1968, Saturn 1B	Earth orbit test flight	No crew			Lunar Module test
6	April 4 1968, Saturn V	Mission abort systems tests	No crew
7	Oct 11-22 1968, Saturn 1B	Earth orbit	Wally Schirra, Walt Cunningham, Donn Eisele	Block II CSM demonstration, TV broadcast
8	Dec 21-27 1968	Moon Orbit	Frank Borman, James Lovell, William Anders			First humans to leave Earth orbit, and first humans to orbit another body
9	Mar 3-13 1969	Test of LM and CSM with crews in Earth orbit	James McDivitt, David Scott, Russel Schweickart
10	May 18-26 1969	Moon landing dress rehearsal	Thomas Stafford, John Young, Eugene Cernan	LM descended to 15,000m of lunar surface		Tested every aspect of landing mission except the actual landing The command module was called Charlie Brown and the LM Snoopy
11	July 16-24 1969, Saturn V	First Moon Landing	Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins	Columbia (CSM) and Eagle (LM), Landing in Sea of Tranquility. 21.55 kg samples returned	EVA 2:31
12	Nov 14-24 1969	2nd Moon Landing	C. "Pete" Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean	Yankee Clipper (CSM) and Intrepid (LM). Landing in Ocean of Storms. Visited Surveyor 3 probe. 34.30 kg samples	2 EVAs, 7:45
13	April 11-17 1970	Third Landing (aborted)	James Lovell, Jack Swigert, Fred Haise	Odyssey (CSM) and Aquarius (LM).		Oxygen tank in service module exploded on route to Moon. Mission aborted. Crew returned safely but risk was high, as was media attention.
14	Jan 31 - Feb 9 1971	Third Landing on Moon	Alan Shephard, Edgar Mitchell, Stuart Roosa	Kitty Hawk (CSM) and Antares (LM). Landing in Fra Mauro. 42.80 kg samples.	2 EVAs, 9:21	Shephard hit two golfballs
15	July 26 - Aug 7 1971	Fourth Landing.	David Scott, Alfred Worden, James Irwin	Endeavour (CSM) and Falcon (LM). Landing in Hadley-Apennine. 76.70 kg samples	3 EVA, 18:33 + rover
16	April 16 - 27 1972	Fifth Landing	John Young, T. Kenneth Mattingly, Charles Duke	Landed in Plain of Descartes. 94.30 kg	3 EVA, 20:14 + rover
17	Dec 7 - 19 1972	Sixth Landing.	Eugen Cernan, Ronald Evans, Harrison Schmitt	America (CSM) and Challenger (LM). Landed in Taurus-Littrow. 110.40 kg samples	3 EVA, 22:02 + rover	Schmitt was a geologist. Cernan and Schmitt travelled 35.9km and ventured as much as 7.6km from the LM.

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Great Scientists

Isaac Newton

1642 - 1727

Issac Newton is possibly the most influential scientist of all time. In the second half of the 17th century, he produced a breathtaking number of physics and mathematical laws and methods, explaining forces and physical phenomena, and deriving mathematical explanations still in use today.